1/8/2024 0 Comments Eastern chimpanzee![]() Third, simultaneous estimation of all demographic parameters may reduce bias that has been described for other introgression methods ( 24, 25). Second, the uncertainty introduced by statistical identifiability (i.e., when more than one model fits the data well) that is commonly encountered when ascertaining complex demographies can be incorporated into CIs via model averaging ( 23). This results in fewer parameters that must be estimated. First, within-population variation is ignored, and recent changes in population size, therefore, cannot affect analyses ( 23). There are a few advantages to this approach compared with other commonly used methods for demography. This approach employs site pattern frequencies to infer deep population history by simultaneously estimating all model parameters. Here, we address this gap in knowledge by applying a recently developed method, Legofit ( 23), to comprehensively compare previously proposed models for Pan evolutionary history and estimate demographic parameters, including 1) divergence times, 2) effective population sizes, and 3) the timing and degree of introgression. A more accurate picture of bonobo and chimpanzee evolutionary history is central to understanding how evolutionary forces have shaped Pan genetic variation through time and may shed light on past biogeography. Further, more recent studies have 3) not comprehensively compared previous models. Disagreement among previously proposed models may stem from 1) the exclusion of Nigeria–Cameroon chimpanzees in earlier studies because such data were not available and 2) failing to simultaneously consider all lineages when estimating parameters. Analysis of whole-genome sequences from all five Pan lineages replicated some but not all of these earlier results and also suggested additional introgression events ( 20, 21), including from an extinct Pan lineage into bonobos ( 22) ( Fig. Early analyses for admixture in Pan from autosomal loci yielded inconsistent results and did not include data from Nigeria–Cameroon chimpanzees ( 15– 19) ( Fig. Our closest living relatives, bonobos ( Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes), have long been studied for genomic signatures of admixture. Collectively, these results offer insight into bonobo and chimpanzee evolutionary history and suggest considerable differences between current and historic chimpanzee biogeography. ![]() ![]() In addition, we suggest that 3) there was male reproductive skew throughout Pan evolutionary history and find evidence of 4) male-biased dispersal from western to eastern chimpanzees. We show that 1) 21% of autosomal DNA in eastern chimpanzees derives from western chimpanzee introgression and that 2) all four chimpanzee lineages share a common ancestor about 987,000 y ago, much earlier than previous estimates. We further considered sex bias in Pan evolutionary history by analyzing the site patterns from the X chromosome. We estimated demographic parameters and compared all previously proposed demographic models for this clade. Here, we investigate this gap in knowledge using nucleotide site patterns calculated from whole-genome sequences from the autosomes of 71 bonobos and chimpanzees, representing all five extant Pan lineages. However, our understanding of their evolutionary history has been limited by studies that do not consider all Pan lineages or do not analyze all lineages simultaneously, resulting in conflicting demographic models. Such gene flow likely also occurred among our closest living relatives: bonobos ( Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes). The timestamp is only as accurate as the clock in the camera, and it may be completely wrong.Admixture appears increasingly ubiquitous in the evolutionary history of various taxa, including humans. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. This file contains additional information such as Exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it.
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